Knowledge is an awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation or the theoretical and practical understanding of a subject.
Prof Russel: “Knowledge is that which enlightens the human mind”
William James: Knowledge is another name for practical achievement and success.
Prof Joad: Knowledge is an addition to our existing information and experience.
Characteristics of Knowledge
Knowledge is power
Knowledge is like wealth, the more a man gets, the more he craves.
Knowledge never decays.
Information is the source to the knowledge.
Knowledge accumulates in an orderly manner, it cannot be attained unexpectedly or incidentally.
Knowledge is infinite
Truths and values are considered the basis of knowledge.
Types of Knowledge
Priori knowledge
Priori knowledge : Priori word means “which comes before”. A priori is the knowledge that is attained independently of any experience.
In this we acquire knowledge merely by theoretical reasoning rather then any experience or any observation.
Example : Mathematics calculation is an example of priori knowledge. In this we use priori knowledge to calculate any sum.
Posteriori Knowledge
It is the knowledge which is gained through experience.
Posteriori means afterwards. It means the knowledge which we acquire after any experience .
A posteriori judgment adds to the knowledge. But the knowledge yielded can sometimes be uncertain or problematic. Physics, chemistry, and biology are instances of a posteriori knowledge.
The Upanishads refer to two kinds of knowledge.
Para Vidya
It the highest form of knowledge.
Para vidya is spiritual realization, which is knowledge of the Self.
This type of knowledge pertains to knowing one-self and establishes relationship between soul and God
Apara Vidya
It is ‘the lower knowledge‘
The lower knowledge consists of all textual knowledge
Apara vidya establishes a relationship between the material world and outer nature.
In order to understand the material world we make use of five senses and reasoning.
We call it worldly knowledge
Explicit Knowledge
It can be readily articulated, codified, stored and accessed. It can be easily transmitted to others.
It can be expressed in words. ¢For example books, documents, reports, memos, data sheets etc
Tacit Knowledge
Tacit knowledge or implicit knowledge is difficult to express in words either in writing or in verbal.
This knowledge is received through experience and training.
This cannot be easily transferred to other person, it can be transferred through learning
Specific types of knowledge
Authoritative Knowledge:
It is that knowledge that we received from any authority or which is proved by scientists.
Scientific Knowledge:
This knowledge is gained through observation and experimentation.
Empirical Knowledge:
Knowledge drawn through sense observation
This type of knowledge is based on experiences, investigation and analysis
Rational Knowledge
The knowledge drawn from reasoning is called rational knowledge.
Reasoning is a mental and intellectual process.
Through reasoning a man forms his opinion or reaches a conclusion.
Pragmatic Knowledge
Pragmatic means practical knowledge
It is activity centered and useful in our day to day life
It is derived from an individual’s experiences, experiments and investigation.
It is very useful in one’s adjustment in life.
Revealed Knowledge:
The knowledge which we receive from prophets or religious books is called revealed knowledge.
This knowledge is classical and universal in nature.
It is not subject to change.
Intuitive Knowledge
Intuitive knowledge is spontaneous in nature.
It is neither related to senses nor to reason.
It can be identified with the sixth sense or inner sense.
It cannot be repeated by personal experience nor can be verified scientifically.
Thank you so much for reading
Subscribe to my You Tube channel for all the video related to B.Ed