B.Ed 1st Year

B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning: Understanding Types and Experimental Insights

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Skinner’s Operant conditioning, developed by renowned psychologist B.F. Skinner, is a learning theory that focuses on the consequences of behavior to shape and modify it. Skinner’s work delves into the principles of reinforcement and punishment, emphasizing how they influence the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) …

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Contemporary Teaching Strategies for Early Childhood Education

Nurturing Young Minds: Contemporary Teaching Strategies for Early Childhood Education

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Early childhood education is a pivotal phase, shaping the foundation for a child’s academic journey and lifelong learning. In recent years, emerging studies have illuminated effective teaching strategies that go beyond traditional approaches. Let’s explore these contemporary strategies designed to cultivate curiosity, creativity, and a passion for learning in the early years. Teaching Strategies for …

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Individual Differences – Types & Characteristics

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Individual Differences ¢Individual differences are variations in mental or physical characteristics among individuals which differentiate them from one another. ¢No two persons are alike. There are billions of people in the world still each one is different from each other. ¢All the individuals differ from each other in many aspects. ¢Children born from the same …

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Erikson theory of Psychosocial Development

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Who was Erik Erikson ¢Erik Erikson (1902 – 1994) was a German American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychological development of human beings.  ¢Despite lacking a bachelor’s degree, Erikson served as a professor at prominent institutions, including Harvard, University of California, Berkeley. ¢Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from …

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Thorndike’s trial and error theory B.Ed notes | Thorndike Experiment – Educational implications, Limitations

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Thorndike’s trial and error theory Behaviorism ¢Behaviorism is the study to understand the behavior of humans and other animals. ¢The approach is only concerned with observable stimulus-response behaviors. ¢It states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment and not by heredity. Edward Lee Thorndike ¢Edward Lee Thorndike (August 31, 1874 – August 9, …

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Pavlov theory of classical conditioning | Pavlov’s experiment Download PDF

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Pavlov theory of classical conditioning Ivan D Pavlov ¢Ivan D Pavlov 1849-1936 is the Russian Physiologist. ¢He propounded the classical conditioning theory in 1903. ¢This theory is also known as Learning by conditioning and conditioned response theory. ¢The main interest of Pavlov was in the study of Gastric secretion of dogs. ¢He won the noble …

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Kohler theory of insightful learning | Gestalt Theory PDF Download

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Wolfgang Kohler ¢Kohler was born in 1887 and grew up in Germany. ¢Wolfgang Kohler, psychologist and philosopher, was one of the founders of the gestalt school of psychology. ¢In the 1920s, German psychologist Wolfgang Kohler was studying the behavior of apes  On the basis of his experiments he gave the cognitive theories of learning, which he called insight …

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