B.Ed 1st Year

Individual Differences – Types & Characteristics

Individual Differences ¢Individual differences are variations in mental or physical characteristics among individuals which differentiate them from one another. ¢No two persons are alike. There are billions of people in the world still each one is different from each other. ¢All the individuals differ from each other in many aspects. ¢Children born from the same …

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Erikson theory of Psychosocial Development

Who was Erik Erikson ¢Erik Erikson (1902 – 1994) was a German American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychological development of human beings.  ¢Despite lacking a bachelor’s degree, Erikson served as a professor at prominent institutions, including Harvard, University of California, Berkeley. ¢Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from …

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Thorndike’s trial and error theory B.Ed notes | Thorndike Experiment – Educational implications, Limitations

Thorndike’s trial and error theory Behaviorism ¢Behaviorism is the study to understand the behavior of humans and other animals. ¢The approach is only concerned with observable stimulus-response behaviors. ¢It states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment and not by heredity. Edward Lee Thorndike ¢Edward Lee Thorndike (August 31, 1874 – August 9, …

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Pavlov theory of classical conditioning | Pavlov’s experiment Download PDF

Pavlov theory of classical conditioning Ivan D Pavlov ¢Ivan D Pavlov 1849-1936 is the Russian Physiologist. ¢He propounded the classical conditioning theory in 1903. ¢This theory is also known as Learning by conditioning and conditioned response theory. ¢The main interest of Pavlov was in the study of Gastric secretion of dogs. ¢He won the noble …

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Kohler theory of insightful learning | Gestalt Theory PDF Download

Wolfgang Kohler ¢Kohler was born in 1887 and grew up in Germany. ¢Wolfgang Kohler, psychologist and philosopher, was one of the founders of the gestalt school of psychology. ¢In the 1920s, German psychologist Wolfgang Kohler was studying the behavior of apes  On the basis of his experiments he gave the cognitive theories of learning, which he called insight …

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National policy of Education – 1968

¢Based on the report and recommendations of the Kothari Commission (1964–1966), the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced the first National Policy on Education in 1968 ¢This policy had called for a National School .System, which meant that all students, irrespective of caste, creed and sex would have access to education. Main features of NPE-1968 …

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Most Important Articles of Indian Constitution PDF Download

Here is the list of most important articles of Indian Constitution. It is important in all competitive exams. Also it an important topic in Contemporary India and Education Article 14 ¢ The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India …

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